Aids Related Stigma Essays - HIVAIDS, Health, Discrimination

Aids Related Stigma Essays - HIVAIDS, Health, Discrimination Aids Related Stigma Introduction Since the appearance of AIDS in the late seventies and early eighties, the disease has had attached to it a significant social stigma. This stigma has manifested itself in the form of discrimination, avoidance and fear of people living with AIDS (PLWAs). As a result, the social implications of the disease has been extended from those of other life threatening conditions to the point at which PLWAs are not only faced with a terminal illness but also social isolation and constant discrimination throughout society. Various explanations have been suggested as to the underlying causes of this stigmatization. Many studies point to the relationship the disease has with deviant behaviour. Others suggest that fear of contagion is the actual culprit. Examining the existing literature and putting it into societal context leads one to believe that there is no one cause. Instead, there would appear to be a collection of associated factors that influence societys attitudes towards AIDS and PLWAs. As the number of people infected with HIV increases, social workers are and will be increasingly called upon to deal with and serve PWAs. Although not all social workers chose to work with PLWAs, the escalating incidence of HIV infection is creating a situation in which seropositive people are and will be showing up more often in almost all areas of social work practice. This paper aims to examine AIDS related stigma and the stigmatization process, hopefully providing insights into countering the effects of stigma and perhaps the possibility of destigmatization. This is of particular pertinence to the field of social work due to our growing involvement with the HIV positive population. Association to Deviant/Marginal Behavior One of the most clearly and often identified causes of AIDS related stigma is its association to deviant behaviour. The disease has had and still does have a strong association for many to homosexuality, IV drug use, sexual promiscuity and other liberations of sexual practice (OHare, et al., 1996; Canadian Associacion of Social Workers, 1990; Quam, 1990 & Beauger, 1989). An especially strong association exists between homosexuality and AIDS. This is largely due to the fact that, in the early years of the disease, it was far more prevalent within the gay community and almost non-existent outside of it. In fact, until 1982 the disease was referred to as GRID or Gay Related Immune Deficiency. Even today, AIDS is often referred to as the gay plague (Giblin, 1995). Even though AIDS is now far less prevalent in the homosexual community and increasingly more outside of it, this link still remains strong for many. Along with the historical context of AIDS, the media is partly to blame for this not so accurate association. The Canadian Association of Social Workers (1990) reports that, often the media has not distinguished between gay and AIDS, so that public understanding of homosexuality and AIDS has become enmeshed (p.10). In recent years, the media has started to make more accurate distinctions between homosexuality and AIDS, but messages are still mixed and often ambiguous. The situation is quite similar in regard to IV drug use, prostitution, and other activities commonly associated with AIDS. This focus that the media has put on marginalized groups incorrectly places emphasis on high risk groups rather than high risk activities. As a result, the word AIDS alone conjures, for many, images of those who deviate from what society deems to be normal behaviour. Already Stigmatized Groups Many of the groups to which AIDS is associated have long histories of stigmatization before the appearance of AIDS. Homosexuals, in western culture, have almost always suffered the effects of being a stigmatized population. The same is true of prostitutes, IV drug users, and people of color (OHare, et al., 1996; Giblin, 1995 & CASW, 1990). It is significant to mention colored populations, as the parts of the world that are most severely effected by AIDS, such as countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, and Haiti, are mostly populated by races other than Caucasian. As a result, a strong association has been also been made between AIDS and people of color (Quam, 1990). The fact that AIDS is associated with already stigmatized groups has two principal effects. First and most obvious, is that societys negative attitudes towards the group in question are transferred to AIDS and PLWAs. Second, is an amplification of the existing negative feelings that society holds towards the groups associated with the disease (CASW, 1990). As a result, homosexuals, prostitutes, colored people and other groups associated to HIV infection

Using Tan and Tanto in Spanish Comparisons of Equality

Using 'Tan' and 'Tanto' in Spanish Comparisons of Equality Probably the most common way that Spanish uses to indicate that two people or things are equally a certain way is to use the phrase tan ... como where the ellipsis (three periods) is replaced by an adjective. The phrase is the equivalent of the English phrase as ... as. Examples Diego es tan alto como Pedro. (James is as tall as Peter.)Eres tan inteligente como cualquier hombre. (You are as intelligent as any man.)Cervantes es tan conocido como Shakespeare. (Cervantes is as well known as Shakespeare.)No estoy tan feliz como me gustarà ­a. (I am not as happy as I would like to be.) Such comparisons are known as comparisons of equality. Note how they are both similar to and different than  expressions of inequality, such as Diego es ms alto que Pedro (James is taller than Peter). Comparisons of equality using tan are similar when adverbs are used to indicate the way in which things are done: La cerveza puede afectarle tan rpidamente como el vino. (Beer can affect you as quickly as wine.)Las infopistas transformarn nuestra cultura tan poderosamente como la imprenta de Gutenberg transformà ³ los tiempos medievales. (The information highway will transform our culture as powerfully as Gutenbergs printing press transformed medieval times.) A similar sentence structure is used when a noun is used in the comparison. In such cases, however, a form of tanto, an adjective, is used, and it must agree in number and gender with the noun referred to. (Tan is an adverb.) A few examples: El paà ­s exporta tantos dà ³lares como importa. (The country exports as many dollars as it imports.)La experiencia tiene tanta importancia como el conocimiento de libros. (Experience has as much importance as book knowledge.)Nada tiene tanto à ©xito como à ©l. (Nobody has as much success as he.)No tengo tantas preguntas como antes. (I dont have as many questions as before.) The similar construction of tanto como can also be used to mean as much as. Note that this form of tanto is an invariable adverb; it doesnt change form to agree with words around it: Nadie habà ­a hecho tanto como mi padre. (No one has done as much as my father.)Dormir poco disminuye el rendimiento tanto como el alcohol. (Lack of sleep reduces performance as much as alcohol.)Tienen un lado bueno tanto como uno malo. (They have a good side as much as a bad side.)

What impact does nurses have on obtaining their own accu check versus Research Paper

What impact does nurses have on obtaining their own accu check versus nursing assistants on the timely delivery of insulin therapy to patients - Research Paper Example Nurses should be in the fore front in enhancing diabetes control mechanisms. Bearing in mind that some patients may be too old to use the advanced technology in trying to curb the disease, nurses come in handy in ensuring the patients are taken care of (Farmer et al., 2007). Nurses may be involved in teaching patients how to handle the monitoring devices. To avoid patients having further complications from the disease due to lack of proper insulin therapy, nurses and nurses assistants should make sure they oversee the insulin therapy process. They should ensure patients are assisted wherever possible and that they (patients) get their dosage in time. Patients benefit from nurses who undertake their own accu check as the results are received in less time. The accu check gets results in the least time possible and nurses have the privilege of administering relevant dosage to patients as they require. This has led the nurses to get accurate information of a patient’s diabetic state, from where nurses can give the right medication to the patient. This trend of nursing obtaining their own accu check has made patients feel more confident about the treatment they get as they know the results are highly reliable. Some stakeholders involved in this sector are: patients, nurses, the medical agencies. Diabetes has been of a major concern thus, necessitating the unveiling of new methods to deal with the challenges it brings. Patients are directly affected by the disease and any invention towards their treatment affects them directly. Accu checks are meant to assist the patients undertake their glucose tests in real time. The results for accu check are efficient thus promoting efficient medication towards controlling the effects of diabetes. When nurses undertake their own accu check, efficiency can be easily achieved as a patient may be confident of getting the right treatment. Patients

Political Obligation Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Obligation - Thesis Example The basic thesis is that obeying the law enables people to be more free within their actions than not. Rousseau's The Social Contract was a highly influential treatise on hos a society based upon laws should work, and why it does actually work. It is a firm foundation for why people should obey the law. Within this work Rousseau suggests that the individual person gives up certain freedoms in return for the protection of society as regards much larger freedoms. For example, most people try to obey traffic laws such as stopping at a red light. This might be seen as a curtailment of their freedom to drive their car wherever they want whenever they want, but obeying red light laws preserves a much greater freedom: that of surviving your journey. Thus the individual gives up a small right in return for a much greater one. The "contract" that thus ensues between the individual and society is one that is "social" in nature. The individual agrees to obey the laws and the State, in the form of the government, police force, justice system etc. agrees to provide an environment in which people are as safe as possible and free to go about their own business. The social contract can also be understood by a consideration of those societies in which it is not present. Thus in times of anarchy, such as a civil war, individuals are free to "do" virtually whatever they want as law and order has broken down. Does this imply more freedom In a theoretical sense perhaps, but the reality of the situation is that most people are afraid for their lives much of the time. The law of the jungle is no law at all. Does this imply that the modern society, as exemplified by advanced Western countries, with sophisticated justice systems and capitalist economic paradigms are totally favorable One giant of philosophy, Karl Marx, would suggest not. Karl Marx suggested that laws were generally a codified means by which one class (the ruling) keeps everyone else (ie. you and me) in check. Marxists in general recognize that for society to function efficiently, there needs to be social order. However, they believed that in all societies except the Communist one, laws were designed to be of advantage to the wealthy. Thus the famous Marxist dictum that "property is theft". It is interesting to note that even for Marx laws were necessary, as was public obedience to them. It was the nature of those laws that Marx disagreed with, not the fact that they should exist at all. One reason the individual may find for obeying the law is the tendency for "labeling" to occur within society.Labeling theory suggests that the labels we give to individuals effects how they eventually act. Thus if a person comes from a gender or racial group that is perceived to be criminal, then they are more likely to act in a criminal way. The converse is also true - if you come from a supposedly law-abiding group - within American society, white upper class would be an example, then you are less likely to become a criminal. Having a system of theoretically objective laws in place stops such stereotyping as much as is possible. If people obey those laws then labeling is much likely to occur. For example, this author was once stopped in bookstore for acting in a supposedly suspicious manner. While I did not fit the classic profile of a "criminal", I was acting as one in the eyes of store security and so was stopped and eventually searched. In my situation I was labeled as a

Sport Psychology :: essays research papers

A Summary of: The Psychosocial Characteristics of Olympic Track and Field Athletes Fortunately, it was quite a simple task to find a research topic related to the material that we have covered so far in sport psychology. After some quick searching, we ran across a rather interesting article written in the International Journal of Sport Psychology that could obviously be useful. Conveniently, it was in the most recent issue of this particular journal available in the Evansdale Library. Entitled, Psychosocial Characteristics of Olympic Track and Field Athletes, this article happened to be one that we could easily relate too. Because both of us are runners, we share a definite commonality with the subjects of the study. This is true, even though neither of us will actually make it to the Olympics to perform at the subjects' standards. At least, though, it is possible to relate highly to these interesting people. Basically, the purpose of this particular study was to identify the specific personality characteristics of 15 Olympic caliber track and field athletes. Certainly, several people, especially sport psychologists, would like to know if there are specific attitudes and personalities that belong to the topnotch athletes of the world. Pretty simple request, right? Or at least it sounds that way. To perform this experiment, each of the athletes was asked six standardized questions. For instance, one of the questions focused directly on the subject of â€Å"How do you prepare for a competition.† The athletes’ responses to these questions were recorded word for word and analyzed for content. Interestingly enough, typical themes could be found throughout their responses. For example, some of the athletes would mention that a higher power was some how related to everything that they have done. The people performing this study would relate this to the category of spiritual/ religious factors. Also, a couple of the runners claimed that their lives were completely based on the theme of mental skills and attitudes such as hard work and perseverance. It was very easy to notice that these themes appeared time after time, for each question answered by the same person. The researchers concluded that these emerging themes play an important role in the psychological development of each athlete. While it isn’t a direct correlation, the work these researchers have done could be somewhat related to developments in psychological skills training.

Relaxation Destination

My day usually consists of doing homework in the morning, going to class at noon, then going to work after class. I go to class for two hours a day Monday through Friday, and work six hours a day seven days a week. A short drive to my lake house in Keystone, Florida is all it takes for me to get away. My lake house is my relaxation destination for when I need to get away from my everyday life. It only takes forty-five minutes for me to get there when driving a brisk sixty miles an hour.Just before I arrive at my lake house, I can catch a glimpse of the cobalt lake water shimmering in the sun, and begin to smell wood burning in the air. From this point on it feels as if time is standing still. When I get out of my truck, the smell of sweet bar-b-que ribs and wild flowers awaken my senses to the great outdoors. Just one look at my lake house and I am relaxed. The siding on my lake house is made of solid rough cut cedar panels. My lake house has two screened in porches; the one on the b ack of the house is used for entertaining and cooking.The second porch is on the front of the house. This is where we unwind in the hot tub, watch TV, enjoy exuberant sunsets, and listen to the melody of nature. Our porches are where I usually hangout and spend most of my time when I visit the lake house. The inside of my lake house is vividly rustic, with attractive antiques scattered throughout it. My lake house has two bedrooms, one bath, and is approximately fifteen hundred square feet. The yellow pine hard wood floors throughout the house give it a rustic feeling. All the walls in the house are painted pistachio with yellow pine trim.When I walk in the house the smell of home cooking makes my mouth water. The living room has an old cast-iron wood burning stove that comes in handy on chilly winter nights: I love to cuddle by it, and roast marshmallows with it. The living room, also called the family room is where we play board games, watch movies, and tell stories in the winter. The kitchen has Carmel colored granite counter tops and dark cherry cabinets with stainless steel handles. When I am at the lake house, it is always as peaceful as the night before Christmas that is why it is my most favorite place to go when I need to get away.

Financial Literacy - 8522 Words

FINANCIAL LITERACY â€Å"Financial literacy is one of the most important investor basics, especially if you want to be a safe investor, an inside investor, and a rich investor. Anyone who is not financially literate cannot see into an investment. Just as a doctor uses X-rays to look at your skeletal system, a financial statement allows you to look into an investment and see the truth, the facts, the fiction, the opportunities, and the risk. Reading a financial statement of a business or individual is like reading a biography or an autobiography.† â€Å"A business has a financial statement, a stock certificate is a reflection of a financial statement, each piece of real estate has a financial statement, and each of us as an individual human†¦show more content†¦A sophisticated investor reads the numbers to get the true story and begins to see things that the average investor does not see. A sophisticated investor must see the impact of government regulations, tax codes, corporate law, business law, and accounting law. One reason it is hard to find accurate investment information is that to gain a full picture requires financial literacy, an accountant, and an attorney. In other words, you need two different professionals to get the real picture. The good news is that if you take your time and invest the time to learn the ins and outs of what goes on behind the scenes, you will find investment opportunities and great wealth, wealth that very few people ever find. You will find out the truth about why the rich get rich er, and the poor and middle class work harder, pay more in taxes, and get deeper in debt. Once you know the truths, you can then decide which side of the quadrant you want to operate from. IT’S NOT HARD; IT JUST TAKES SOME TIME†¦TIME THAT PEOPLE WHO JUST WANT A HOT INVESTMENT TIP DO NOT WANT TO INVEST.† â€Å"When you come to the boundaries of what you know, it’s time to make some mistakes.† â€Å"The streets are a very tough teacher. In school, you’re given the lesson first. On the street, you’re given the mistake first and then it’s up to you to find the lesson, if you ever find it†¦inShow MoreRelatedThe Lack Of Financial Literacy Essay1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe lack of financial literacy has reached an epidemic proportion among America’s youth, and in today’s world, many teens work to achieve their own financial independence. According to a recent youth survey given by the RAND Group in 2015, $91 billion of spending power is by teen youth, and the downside to this is many teens have no idea how to handle money. Due to the lack of financial literacy leads many young people to unsuccessfully manage their consumer credit, establish bad financial managementRead MoreFinancial Literacy Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesFinancial Literacy Review The area in which I spent the most was definitely transportation however, this expense was an absolute necessity that I could not avoid. Being raised to be conscious about my money spending habits and to always look for a bargain was not something I could necessarily put into practice concerning this area. Areas where I spent the least would have to be personal care and personal extras; there is always a great sale and or off brand personal hygiene product to be boughtRead MoreThe Importance Of Financial Literacy953 Words   |  4 PagesFinancial Literacy Doing the Salt online courses helped me better manage my money and have initiated my search for a good credit card. Since doing the budgeting and credit courses, I’ve committed to what the courses taught me. Before the budgeting course, I would not look at my spending habits. In the course, I learned the differences between fixed and flexible expenses and how to categorize my current expenses. After taking the course, I started to overlook all my transactions, was more mindfulRead MoreThe Importance Of Financial Literacy Campaign811 Words   |  4 Pagescollege, we young people need to understand how money works and how to use it wisely. My generation isn’t the only one that that needs help--younger kids need to prepare for their financial futures too. That’s why we need a full-on financial literacy campaign, combining in- and out-of-school support. First, financial literacy needs to begin long before high school. Often, by our teens, many of us have already formed poor money habits. Reaching kids at an early, receptive age will instill smart moneyRead MoreQuestions On Financial Literacy Education798 Words   |  4 Pages Rationale: Financial Literacy Education, FLE traditionally assumes that the more knowledge a Financial Literacy Learner, FLL has the better the financial decisions outcome. In addition, government mandates address more objective financial approaches to FLE rather than those approaches related to attitudes and behavior of FLL. The use of personal experience and the telling of relevant personal stories are an impactful tool to use in the classroom. The idea of posing this research question isRead MoreQuestions On Financial Literacy Skills1105 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The objective of this report is to analyse two clients using primary and secondary data in these following areas: ïÆ'Ëœ Their financial Literacy skills ïÆ'Ëœ Their risk Tolerance ïÆ'Ëœ From the data how will you effectively communicate in relation to the two clients ïÆ'Ëœ Email regarding communication effectiveness within the business To assess the above criteria a hypothetical scenario was made that both clients had received an inheritance of $40,000 and how with go about investing their money investingRead MoreAssessment of Personal Financial Wellness of Teachers1115 Words   |  5 PagesProper financial education is an important part of life because it affects virtually every aspect of it. Everyone will likely someday face a difficult financial situation, whether large or small, that requires time and money. Having a good understanding of daily cash inflows and outflows in personal finances will help make tough situations less stressful and easier to handle. Cash (1996) Among five risk stressors in life ( relationships, work, health , crime/violence, amp; personal finance),Read MoreImpact of Financial Literacy on Financial Inclusion and the Initiatives by Canara Bank Towards Spreading Financial Literacy5229 Words   |  21 PagesAbstract: Financial inclusion has recently become the buzzword among the policymakers and bankers and in academic research. It is considered as an integral part of the efforts to promote inclusive economic growth. Financial inclusion has been the utmost priority for the government of India as well as the Reserve Bank of India. One of the executive at a prominent Public Sector Bank says, Financial Inclusion is a social obligation for the government, and social obligation, mandatory obligationRead MoreFinancial Literacy Involves The Choices1983 Words   |  8 Pages Financial literacy involves the choices you make about how to secure the resources that you need to fulfill your basic needs and achieve your goals. Financial literacy involves is a toolbox that contains many different tools. Below is a discussion of some of those tools. †¢ Money Choices - the medium of exchanged used to acquire good, services, and typically used to satisfy debts. Money flow to us from a job, government assistance, child support, family, and/or friends. †¢ Banking Choices - A bankRead MoreThe Impact of Financial Literacy Education on Subsequent Financial Behavior755 Words   |  3 PagesArticle Comparison Mandell, L. Klein, L. (2009). The impact of financial literacy education on subsequent financial behavior. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 20(1): 15-24. The data presented in this article is comprised of quantitative assessments of financial literacy in a population of 79 students one and four years after their participation in a financial literacy education course. The data is presented and interpreted in both visual/graphic fashions and in textual examinations